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학위논문 동서

中國의 少數民族 政策의 變化過程에 관한 硏究

김대광

부산: 동아대학교 1993. -

206p; 27cm. -

학위논문(박사)- 동아대학교 대학원 정치학과 94년2월

영문초록 : The main purpose of this study is to identify changes related to the PRC's ethnic monority policies and to evalutate their socio-economic and political consequences. In terms of minority policies, roughly two erasthose of Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaopingcan be divided. In each era, we review the context of the political integration and stability, the major political/economic issues and situations under which China's minority policies were formulated and revised. Finally, we focus on the problems and alternatives of the minority policies. The Chinese ethnic minority policies had one grand purpose: political integration. Since 1921 when the first Chinese Communist Party was organized, the purpose was spelled out. The goal of political integration in turn was aimed to accomplish the Han-Chinese centered cultural amalgamation and assimilation. This aspect is fully analyzed in Chapter 2. The minority policies changed over the years, and five separate periods can be identified: 1) the period of racial seperation and self-determination under the United Front Strategy (1921-49); 2) the period of regional autonomy in pursuit of minority accomodation and assimilation following the establishment of socialist regime (1949-59); 3) the period of radical socialistic national integration, strengthening the socilistic values and the integration of minorities (1959-66); 4) the period of implementing the coercive integration of minorities during the Cultural Revolution through the deployment of an extreme socialist national theory that regards ethnic minority matters as class problems (1966-76); and 5) the period of reimplementing the policy of regional autonomy for national minorities, along with introduction of pragmatism in politics. During this period, it adopts pluralistic principle of accomodating minorities (1976-Presdent). China's minority policies, to review, show that each period corresponds to the major characteristics of overall political economic situations that China confronted. Although each peiod showed different situations and logics, every policy was always oriented to the construction of a socialist country. The Chinese policies in general were aimed at the integration of minorities. Yet, more specifically, it is important to show that each period had its own rationale: the exploration of integration process (first period), the penetration to integration process (second period), legitimacy build-up and expansion of participation (third period), the distribution and harmony among people (fourth period), and the exploration of renewed integration (firth period). Chapter 3 has categorized analyzed the minority policies into four: the policy of regional autonomy, the policy for minority cadres, the policy of culture and education, and the policy of economic activities. From this scrutiny, we could conclude a few references in terms of political integration and assimilation in China. First, China pursues the formation of socialistic relationships through the system of regional autonomy, and in turn tries to accomplish the four modernization goals. Second, China trains ethnic minority cadres as a way to accomplish the political integration. They are expected to work as a link between central government and minority regions. Third, China consistently declares its acceptance and protection of minority's "free will" with regard to minority languages, customs and religions. However, such declaration is limited within the framework of maintaining and developing a socilist system. The Chinese government places a top policy priority on the unity between national ethnic groups and on the solution of ethnic problems. Fourth, China has adopted "unitary center, dual basic point principle" as a guiding rule. In 1978 Third Plenary Central Committee Meeting of the 11th CCP Congress, minority regions were given special preferences to receive economic aids from the central government. As a result, the minority regions showed a trend of changes from primitive self-supply economies to modernizing productive economies. To draw some referents from the above analysis, we can discuss three weakpoints in the implementation of the Chinese minority policies. First, the lack of democratic elements. Second, the problems related to the so-called "the Great Han-Chauvinism". Third, although there are some progress, the minority regions are still the most backward regions and give some integration problems. Despite the foregoing weaknesses, China's minority policies could be evaluated as being successful for several reasons. First, for the achievement of the national integration goals, the government of China criticize both the Great Han-chauvinism and the local-nationalism. China successfully implements 'bilingual education system' through which a sense of commonnessa big national familycan easily be aroused. These policies can help to achieve the national assimilation goals in the end. Second, in the process of implementing the political integration of minorities, China recognizes and protects the autonomous elements of minorities. Yet, the central government places limits in pursuing the autonomy. That is, the ethnic minority regions should neither seek an independent state nor place opposition on socialist policies, and should always cooperate with the central government in terms of economic policies. All in all, this policy direction of the central government in dealing with the minorities proves to be successful in national integration and regional stability. The principle of pluralism and regional autonomy enhances the sense of "Chinese" among minorities and thereby succeeds in bringing regional stability. Third, China's political integration policyincluding armed oppressions against local-nationalismseems to have worked rather successfully. Therefore, even if local nationalitic movements errupt in the near future, such phenomena should be perceived as a temporary development. The Chinese policies perhaps can never completely eliminate the ethnic minority problems. But so far it has been a success. In the future, the success or failure would depends on how well the central government can guarantee the heterogeneity of minorities, and on the economic development and material well-being of the minority regions. In this context, the People's Republic of China seems to have secceeded in the maintenance of integrative centripetal power through the national integration-oriented policies. The minority policies, so far, have enhanced minorities' economic well- being and expanded political participation. All in all, such conflicting policies of assimilation and pluralization resulted in a harmonious relationships among ethnic groups in China, and it is to be seen whether those minority policies will continue to be effective in making China a truly politically stable China.

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