Sensitivity analysis is a fundamental approach to identifying the significance of parameters. In this study, based on the Bingham model, a sensitivity analysis of seven key structural parameters of magnetorheological dampers was conducted with the damping force and adjustable coefficient as the design objectives. Through single-factor variation experiments, the impact trends of these parameters on the output damping force and adjustable coefficient were evaluated. To comprehend the interactions and nonlinear effects among the parameters, global sensitivity analysis was performed using the Sobol method and EFAST method. These approaches comprehensively consider the combined influence of multiple parameters on the objective function and quantify their relative importance. Based on the results of the global sensitivity analysis and engineering considerations, five parameters were identified for optimization: piston radius (R), piston effective length (L), coil winding length (b), coil winding height (h), and piston rod radius (r). The study validates the feasibility of global sensitivity analysis in magnetorheological damper research, providing a crucial reference for subsequent performance optimization and design.