본 논문은 중국의 정치 구조와 정책 결정과정을 다뤘다. 첫째, 중국국가 정치 구조와 국가기구를 대략적으로 소개하였다. 둘째, 이 논문은 정책 결정 과정 투입요소를 살펴보고 정책 형성과 실행 과정을 분석하였다. 마지막으로 중국정치 체제에 내재해 있는 문제점을 살펴보았으며 해외투자자에게 주는 시사점을 살펴보았다. 오랫동안 사람들은 중국의 정치는 안개에 휩싸였다고 여겼다. 중국은 일당 독재체제의 사회주의 국가이며 중국 헌법에서는 중국 공산당의 지도적 지위를 확립하였다. 국가권력은 중국공산당과 중앙정부와 각 지방정부에서 집행한다. 현(县)급 인민대표위원은 국민 투표로 선출한다. 현급 인민대표위원은 지방정부를 감독해야하는 책임이 있으며 성(省)급 (혹은 자치구급) 인민대표 위원을 선출할 수 있다. 성급인민대표 위원은 매년 3월에 북경에서 열리는 회의에서 국가 인민대표 위원을 선출한다. 각급 공산당 위원은 인민대표위원 후보를 선출할 때 막강한 영향력을 지닌다. 대외적으로 볼 때 중국의 정책결정은 ‘위에서 아래로, 아래서 위로’ 쌍방향으로 진행한다. 여기서 정치국과 상무위원회의 지도를 받으며 공산당은 중국국가정책의 최종 결정자 역할을 한다. 서방국가는 종종 중국인민대표대회는 ‘고무도장’이라고 한다. 하지만 중국인민대표대회는 법으로 정한 유일한 입법기구이다. 인민대표대회는 일 년에 한 차례 일주일 간 회의를 열어 국무원과 다른 그 밖의 기구의 보고를 들은 후 입법을 한다. 개혁개방과 현대화가 빠르게 진행하면서 지방정부는 정책결정과정에서 더 큰 영향력을 지니게 되었다. 지방정부는 더 많은 정부 지원을 확보하고 정책 우선권을 얻기 위해서 중앙정부와 협상을 하기 시작했다. 그리고 시민 사회도 정책결정 과정에 참여한다. 하지만 사실상 중국에는 ‘반대파’는 없다. 중국이 성숙한 시민사회를 이룩하려면 아직도 갈 길이 멀다. 오늘 날, 중국의 시민사회는 정치 시스템과 정책 결정 과정에서 더 큰 역할을 하기위해 힘쓰고 있다.
This thesis introduces Chinese political system and the policy-making process of government policies. Firstly, it provides an overview of Chinese national political system and institutions. Secondly, it examines the input factors in the policy making process and explores policy formulation and implantation process in China. After that, it shows recent trends of challenging pressures for change in the system and gives implications for foreign FDI investors. China’s politics has long been considered as “shrouded in mist”. The politics of the China take place in a framework of a single-party socialist republic. The leadership of the Communist Party is stated in the Constitution of the China. State power is exercised through the Communist Party of China, the Central People's Government and their provincial and local counterparts. People's Congress members at the county level are elected by voters. These county level People's Congresses have the responsibility of oversight of local government, and elect members to the Provincial (or Municipal in the case of independent municipalities) People's Congress. The Provincial People's Congress in turn elects members to the National People's Congress that meets each year in March in Beijing. The ruling Communist Party committee at each level plays a large role in the selection of appropriate candidates for election to the local congress and to the higher levels.Generally speaking, China’s policy making process is nominally both top-down and bottom-up. Headed by the Politburo and its standing committee, CCP is the final decision maker of the national policies. The National People’s Congress (NPC), which often considered as a “rubber stamp” by western countries, is China’s unicameral legislative body. It meets normally once a year for a week to hear the reports of the State Council and other bodies and to pass legislation. The economic reform and the modernization drive have increased the power of local governments in the decision-making process. Local governments became both more autonomous policy actors and more powerful lobbyists with the central government. They began to bargain with the central government for more material resources and policy priorities.On the other hand, the civil society in China does participate in Chinese policy making process. However, there is no substantial political opposition groups exist in reality. Although the civil society is still far from being mature in China, the groups of Chinese civil society are seeking to play more important roles in Chinese political framework and policy making.Building on previous work in determinants of FDI and China’s politics and economy, this thesis should have both theoretical as well as practical implications for FDI investors. Firstly, it contributes to the theoretical advancement the political system of contemporary China. The political powers will be examined one by one in details. I will also analyze the Chinese government policy-making process and the influences of different input factors. Secondly, FDI investors should be able to find practical values from this thesis such as how to affect Chinese FDI related policies at the local level and how to figure out the policy trends to avoid risks and make profits.The main limitation is that this thesis focuses on the policy making process at the central level and touches lightly on the policy making process at local/regional levels. Since the administrative structure of Chinese local governments is too big and complex, each region and province in China has their own characteristics and unique relationships with the central government. As a result, further studies on specific regional/local governments should be done when FDI investors decide to run business in certain regions in China. What’s more, as this thesis is a document research, empirical Studies need to be done in the future.