The timing of the collision between the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range Block (SNZRB) and the Jiamusi Block (JMSB) is poorly constrained; however, detrital zircons may provide crucial information on the history of this collision. This study focuses on the Yangmugang and Tumenling formations of the Yimianpo Group in the southeastern SNZRB, which were previously thought to have been deposited during the closure of the Mudanjiang Ocean. Detrital zircon U-Pb dating was carried out to constrain the age, provenance, and tectonic setting of the Yangmugang and Tumenling formations, and ultimately the timing of the final closure of the Mudanjiang Ocean. The detrital zircon grains in the two formations yield similar age spectra, with two major age peaks at 275 Ma and 280 Ma, 512 Ma and 525 Ma, respectively. Given the age of the youngest group and that of a granite intrusion, the Yangmugang and Tumenling formations were probably deposited during the middle Permian. The detrital zircon ages also suggest that the Paleozoic igneous rocks distributed across the eastern SNZRB were the major source of the zircons in the formations. Combined with evidence for synchronous arc magmatism, this shows that the Yangmugang and Tumenling formations were likely deposited at a convergent margin and that the collision between the SNZRB and JMSB occurred after the late Permian.