The bamboo fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to investigate the impacts of the NaOH concentration, reactiontemperature, and soaking time on the crystallinity, thermal stability, and surface roughness of bamboo fibers. The resultsrevealed that the NaOH concentration had a significant impact (0.01 < P < 0.05) on the crystallinity and thermal stability ofbamboo fibers, as well as an extremely significant impact (P < 0.01) on their surface roughness. It was found an extremelysignificant (P < 0.01) effect of the reaction temperature in the crystallinity and surface roughness of bamboo fibers but notin thermal stability. The soaking time significantly (P < 0.01) affected the surface roughness of bamboo fibers, whereas nosignificant effects were observed for the crystallinity and thermal stability. Compared with untreated bamboo fibers, thecrystallinity, thermal stability, and surface roughness of alkali-treated bamboo fibers generally increased.