A contract of marine insurance is founded on the doctrine of utmost good faith in England. Under section 17 of the Marine Insurance Act 1906, a contract of marine insurance is a contract based upon the utmost good faith. It is said that the doctrine of utmost good faith applies to all insurance contracts. Furthermore, the duty of utmost good faith is a broader and deeper concept than the duty of disclosure and representations under MIA. Under MIA, if the utmost good faith be not observed by either party, the contract may be avoided by the other party. The origin of duty of utmost good faith is based on Carter v. Boehm in 1766. In Carter v. Boehm, Lord Mansfield judged that the duty of utmost good faith was reciprocal between the insurer and the assured. In 2001, the House of Lords dealt with the Star Sea case closely related to the duty of utmost good faith, and judged as follows. First, the duty of utmost good faith is reciprocal and maintained after the conclusion of the insurance contract. Second, a fraudulent claim of the assured is a breach of the duty of utmost good faith, and therefore he can not recover the claim. Third, in litigation the duty of utmost good faith does not apply to the acts of the assured. After the Star Sea case, however, the contents of the duty of utmost good faith have been debated. Finally, the Insurance Act was amended in 2015. Through the Insurance Act of 2015, the duty of utmost good faith under MIA was greatly changed.