This article presents the conclusions and recommendations of the expert panel for the Technical Workshop on Human Milk Surveillance and Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals in the U.S. and held at the Hershey S. Medical Center in Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine on September 24-26, 2004. The Technical Workshop focused on questions related to interpretation of information gathered from human milk biomonitoring studies. Biomonitoring can measure a person's exposure to a chemical in his/her tissue. It is noted here that many of the conclusions and research needs enumerated by the panel from the first workshop remain important and relevant.