The article discusses the importance of increasing Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) in agriculture to address challenges such as food production, land and water shortage, climate change, and environmental threats. NUE is influenced by various factors including plant nutrient acquisition, plant-microbe interactions, root functioning, and fertilizer management strategies. The article also highlights research presented at the XIX International Plant Nutrition Colloquium, covering topics such as nutrient bioavailability, plant growth-promoting microorganisms, climate change effects on plant nutrition, and field practices to improve nutrient use efficiency. Additionally, the article explores the impact of nutrient deficiencies on human health and the role of mineral nutrition in fruit quality. [Extracted from the article]