SDG 3, good health and wellbeing, includes two targets with direct links to malaria: Target 3.3 aims to end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases, and Target 3.2 aims to end preventable deaths and reduce mortality rates of neonates and children younger than 5 years.[302] In 2017, the global mortality rate for children younger than 5 years was 39 per 1000 livebirths, with malaria causing 3% of all deaths in this age group.[303] In sub-Saharan Africa, the mortality rate was 74 per 1000 livebirths and malaria was responsible for 10% of deaths in this group.[303] Reversing the increase in cases and deaths in high-burden countries described in section 1 is essential both for malaria eradication and to achieve the broader child mortality targets in SDG 3. In countries with high malaria burdens, where out-of-pocket expenditure as a share of total health-care spending tends to be high, out-of-pocket malaria spending might also comprise a substantial percentage of total malaria spending; for example, over 50% in Cameroon and Niger (appendix pp 13-15).[259] In countries that are nearing elimination, out-of-pocket malaria expenditures are very low as a result of reduced spending on patient care, the main driver of out-of-pocket malaria costs. In 1995, the income levels of countries with intense malaria transmission were one-third of countries without malaria, and there was a 1-3% difference in annual economic growth between the two groups over the period 1965-90.[336] The economic benefits of eliminating malaria arise from increases in trade, tourism, and foreign direct investment, and improved productivity and increases in human capital.[301] We briefly review the economic returns from investment in malaria eradication in section 6. [Extracted from the article]