In the present study, we identified 46 SNP markers for Gymnocypris chilianensis, an endemic economic fish in Heihe River and Shule River in China. The minor allele frequency ranged from 0.028 to 0.500. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.028 to 1.000, and expected heterozygosity from 0.055 to 0.507. The polymorphic information content ranged between 0.053 and 0.375. Among these SNP markers, sixteen loci showed significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction. These novel SNP markers will be helpful for future studies on genetic management and population conservation in this species.