In this study, we prepared HA-SiO2 inorganic fibrous membranes loaded with hydroxyapatite by electrospinning. Addition of hydroxyapatite improved the bioactivity of HA-SiO2 fibrous membranes compared with pure silica fibrous membrane. The loaded hydroxyapatite was evenly distributed and oriented in the membranes with 10% hydroxyapatite, enhancing the roughness of the surface of the silica fiber. The distribution of fiber diameter ranged from several hundred nanometers to one micron, the pores of the fiber membrane became larger, and the porosity increased with increase in the content of hydroxyapatite. Agglomeration of hydroxyapatite and loss of orientation arrangement was observed with increase in hydroxyapatite content, which reduced the mechanical properties of the fibrous membrane. In vitro experiments showed that HA-SiO2 fibrous membrane had no cytotoxicity and exhibited strong adhesion to cells. HA-SiO2 fibrous membrane showed apatite deposition during degradation, indicating potential application in bone regeneration. Animal experiments showed that the membrane had good biocompatibility.Graphical abstract: