With global climate warming, extreme climate events are becoming more frequent, posing a great threat to crop production. In this study, twelve extreme climate indices (ECIs) were defined to characterize climate events prone to occurring during key phenological stages of wheat. Additionally, eighteen Global Climate Models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) were selected to analyze the spatial–temporal characteristics and trends of these ECIs under four emission scenarios of the future Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP). The Delta Change Method (DCM) was used to correct the bias of GCM data, and the arithmetic mean and Independence Weighted Mean (IWM) were used to aggregate the results of different GCMs to improve the projection accuracy of ECIs. Overall, the IWM ensemble results can better reproduce historical changes of ECIs than multi-model arithmetic mean and any individual GCM. The results indicated that the ECIs across wheat growing area in China were significant spatial heterogeneity during the historical period from 1981 to 2010. Under future climate scenarios, the frequency of extreme high temperature events would significantly increase in most regions, and the intensity will increase by 0.13–0.99 ° and 0.44–2.41 ℃ during 2031–2060 and 2071–2100. However, the stress of extreme low temperature events during wheat growth periods would decrease. Although the changes of extreme precipitation events under different climate scenarios were not significant, these showed considerably spatial differences across wheat growing area. In order to maintain high and stable yield of wheat, it is important to take measures to mitigate the effects of future extreme climate events on wheat production.