INTRODUCTION: Physical activity (PA) is recommended to optimize health after bariatric surgery. However, there is limited evidence on how to deliver these interventions and whether they are effective long-term. The present study aimed to examine PA levels, body composition, and physical fitness outcomes up to 5 yr after bariatric surgery following engagement in a PA intervention, with a focus on whether dose and/or timing of delivery impacts postoperative outcomes. METHODS: Individuals (n = 80) who completed a 6-month randomized treatment study to increase PA (phase 1) were invited to receive up to six exercise counseling sessions from 1 to 5 yr after operation (phase 2). Phase 2 participants (n = 64) completed assessments at 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5 yr after operation. RESULTS: Five years after surgery, participants (84.4% female; mean age, 52.9 (standard deviation, 11.5); mean body mass index, 33.8 (standard error, 1.1)) increased minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; P = 0.001) but not steps per day, exercise bouts per week, or bout minutes per week. Participants experienced significant cardiovascular endurance improvements but decreased strength (P < 0.05). Greater intervention dose (i.e., greater number of counseling visits attended 1–5 yr after surgery) was significantly associated with steps per day (P = 0.003), weight (P = 0.03), and nondominant handgrip strength (P = 0.002). Those who started counseling preoperatively (i.e., randomized to counseling in phase 1) versus 1 yr after surgery (i.e., beginning in phase 2) had greater steps per day (P = 0.04), exercise bouts per week (P = 0.006), and exercise bout minutes per week (P = 0.002). No other associations were significant. CONCLUSIONS: Participants increased MVPA 5 yr after bariatric surgery and experienced improvements in cardiovascular functioning after engagement in a PA intervention. In general, individuals experienced modestly better outcomes with more treatment. Beginning exercise counseling preoperatively, instead of 1 yr postoperatively, improved PA but not body composition or physical fitness.