(b St Petersburg, 1839; d Germany, 1929). Russian architect and teacher. In 1859 he graduated from the Construction School, St Petersburg, and then worked as an assistant (1859–61) to Andrey Shtakenshneyder during the construction of the Nikolayevich Palace (1853–61) in St Petersburg. He travelled abroad (1861–5) in Germany, France and Italy. While in Paris he trained under Victor Baltard, an architect known for his extensive use of metal structures. In 1867 he was granted the title Academician of Architecture and subsequently taught architecture (1868–1903) at the Construction School (from 1882 the Institute of Civil Engineers) and the Institute of Communications Engineers, St Petersburg. In 1911 he became an honorary member of the St Petersburg Academy of Arts. He was one of the founders (and chairman 1905–17) of the St Petersburg Architectural Society and the founder of the School of Foremen (1874), while taking an active part in the publication of the journal ...