The goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 and the shift toward a circular economy have become global agendas. These are vital prerequisites for economic growth, extending beyond the scope of merely addressing environmental challenges. The European Union (EU) has played a prominent role in executing these agendas. This study assessed how the EU’s environmental policies have evolved during the European integration process. The findings revealed that environmental policies have been integrated into diverse sectors of the economy and society throughout the European integration process. In addition, EU treaties have enshrined the principle of sustainable development. Environmental policies grounded in this principle have resulted in comprehensive and cohesive measures paving the way for a sustainable future for the EU economy. These efforts culminated in the formulation of the Green Deal policy in 2019, which represents the EU’s new economic growth strategy. Furthermore, subsequent measures have been introduced to legislate for attaining the 2050 carbon neutrality goal and to enhance the functioning of the EU single market. The EU treaties also mandate member states to contribute to global sustainable development, thereby actively participating in international agendas, including those related to sustainable development, carbon neutrality, and the circular economy. In conclusion, given the high probability of the EU’s environmental policies evolving into a future growth strategy, it is imperative to implement domestic measures that seamlessly integrate environmental sustainability into the economic and social sectors.