自1990年代末以来, 一种新兴形式的“有+VP”句式越来越频繁地出现在现代汉语口语中, 例如:“你有看这个歌的歌词吗?”、“他有写一首诗。”等, 朱德熙(1982)曾提到“有”后只能接“名动词”, 如“有影响”、“有准备”等, “有”带动词是有限制的, 而这一新兴“有VP”句式, “有”后动词不再局限于名动词, 本文将这一类新兴句式称之为“有VP₂”。 本文以“有VP₂”为研究对象, 把中国大陆90年代以后的现代汉语中这一新兴句式实际使用情况当作语料, 弥补前人研究中对于这一句式语法结构分类标准、语料的地区及时代上缺乏统一性的问题。根据助动词语法功能特点与“有VP₂”句式在实际语料中使用对比我们发现了其具有助动词语法功能, 并基于Givon(1995)、Sun(2023)对现实情态(realis modality)及非现实情态(irrealis modality)的划分, 本文提出“有VP₂”句式整体表达现实情态的语用功能。首先在否定词的使用上, 受现实情态否定词“没”修饰;其次, 其后可以与现实类的四个体标记共现(时体标记:“在”、“着”、“过”及“了₁”);最后, “有VP₂”与非现实的零标记句连用时, 可以将整个句子转换成现实性范畴。“有VP₂”句式中的“有”是表现实情态义的助动词, 和表非现实情态义的助动词(“会”、“可以”、“能”等)形成对称。 本文发现表达特定词汇语义的动词及动词短语不能进入到该句式中, 能进入这一句式需满足以下三点:第一, “VP”需具有已然性, “有VP₂”句式不能在没有发生、或不能确定是否发生的情境中使用。第二, 从“VP”的情状(situation type)特性来看, “VP”需带有动态性, 不能与状态类情状结合。但语义表达心理活动的动词, 可以通过添加“过”后, 使之从个体状态(individual level state)转变为阶段状态(stage level state), 进入“有VP₂”句式中。第三, “VP”需具有自主性, 非自主动词不能进入到该式中。 本文提出“有VP₂”句式成立需要以下几个特征的协同作用, 即事件已然发生或在进行当中(已然性)+伴随变化的事件(动态性)+充当主语的行为者的意志参与(自主性)。
‘You+VP’ construction has appeared with increasing frequency in spoken Chinese, e.g., ‘you kan zhegege de geci ma?’ (Have you seen the lyrics of this song?) and ‘ta you xie yishoushi’ (He wrote a poem). Zhu Dexi (1982) once mentioned that ‘you’ can only be followed by denominal verbs such as ‘you yingxiang’ (have an impact) or ‘you zhunbei’ (have a preparation), indicating a limited usage of ‘you’ with verbs. However, the new ‘you+ VP’ construction breaks away from such restriction, where the verb following ‘you’ is no longer limited to denominal verbs. In this paper, we will term this emerging construction as ‘you+ VP₂’.This paper analyzes spoken corpus data reflecting this emerging construction after the 1990s in mainland China. Addressing the lack of a uniform standard in previous research regarding the syntactic analysis and the regional and historical variations of the corpus, we propose that the pragmatic function of ‘you+ VP₂’ is to express realis modality. In this construction, ‘You’ is an auxiliary verb, forming symmetry with other auxiliary verbs expressing irrealis modality such as ‘keyi’ (can), ‘hui’ (may), and ‘neng’ (able). Since ‘You + VP₂’ expresses realis modality, the VP appearing in this construction should describe events that have already occurred or are taking place in progress. Events that have not occurred or potential events are not compatible with the ‘you+ VP₂’ construction. Additionally, we propose that VP within ‘you+ VP₂’ construction should meet the condition of dynamicity and volitionality. Due to such lexical semantic conditions, VP describing stative situations such as mental activities like ‘高兴’ (happy) or ‘喜欢’ (like), or non-volitional events such as ‘死’ (die), cannot appear in the ‘you + VP₂’ construction.