目前, 学界对“过”的共时、历时考察比起“了、着”而言较为不足, 通过对前人研究的考察发现“过”还有一些需要探讨的余地。介于此, 本稿将以≪元典章·刑部≫、≪元刊杂剧三十种≫、≪金瓶梅词话≫、≪红楼梦≫为考察范围, 以趋向补语“过d”、表示“完结”的“过₁”和表示“经验”的“过₂”为考察对象, 考察结果如下: 第一, 通过讨论“过₁”是否符合助词的三要素;表示动作“完结”的成分是否一定是“体”范畴;“V+过₁”后面可以出现助词“了”。本文认为表示“完结”的“过₁”不是动态助词, 而是结果补语。 第二, 考察文献中“S+V+过d+O人/物/事”的频率最高(353例/62.7%), 其次是“S+V+过d+O场所”(194例/34.5%), 最低的是“S+V+过d+O时间”(16例/2.8%)。 第三, 近代汉语后半期“S+V+过₁/过₂”结构的后面带宾语的例子明显大幅增加, 但是总体来看, “过₁”后不带宾语的例子比带宾语的例子多, 比例为252(56%):198(44%);“过₂”后不带宾语的例子比带宾语的例子少, 比例为119(33.8%):233(66.2%)。 第四, 趋向补语“过”最初表示的是“经过、通过”某一个场所, 所以它的宾语最初理所应该是表示场所的名词, 后来宾语由“场所”扩大为“人、物、事”, 又由“场所”投射为“时间”时, 就提供了可以重新分析的可能性。通过重新分析可见“S+V+过d+O时间”结构具有表“经过”和“完成”的两层化现象, 这种现象可以看成是“过”从趋向补语向表示完结的“过₁”的过渡期。
After a review of the previous studies, it was found that there were less synchronic and diachronic studies in the academic circle on ‘Guo(过)’ than on ‘Le (了)’ and ‘Zhe(着)’, while the former still needs more discussion. Therefore, this paper studies ‘Guod(过d)’ as a directional complement, ‘Guo1(过₁)’ indicating ‘completed’, and ‘Guo2(过₂)’ indicating “experienced” in The Institutions of the Yuan Dynasty. The research results are as follows: Firstly, it discussed whether ‘Guo1(过₁)’ conformed to the three elements to be a auxiliary word, and whether the element indicating the ‘completion’ of an action must be classified into ‘Aspect’, and found that ‘V+Guo1(过₁)’ could be followed by a auxiliary word ‘Le(了)’. It was concluded that ‘Guo1(过₁)’ indicating ‘completed’ is not an dynamic auxiliary, but a resultative complement. Secondly, it found in the existing literature that, the sentence pattern marked by ‘S+V+Guod(过d)+Osb./sth.’ most frequently appeared(353 cases/62.7%), followed by ‘S+V+Guod(过d)+Ospace’(194 cases/34.5%), and then ‘S+V+Guod(过d)+Otime’(16 cases/2.8%). Thirdly, in the latter half of the Early Modern Chinese, there was a significant increase in cases of ‘S+V+Guo1(过₁)/Guo2(过₂)’ followed by an object; however, in general, there were less cases of ‘Guo1(过₁)’ followed by an object than those without one, and the proportion was 252(56%):198(44%); while there were more cases of ‘Guo2(过₂)’followed by an object than those without one, and the proportion was119(33.8%):233(66.2%). Fourthly, the initial meaning of ‘Guo(过)’ as a directional complement was “passing by or through” a site, thus, there was no doubt that the object followed by ‘Guo(过)’ should be a noun indicating a site. But the signified of the object was later extended to ‘someone, something, and someplace’, and then the ‘site’ was further extended to indicate ‘time’, providing the possibility of a re-analysis. After a re-analysis, it was found that the structure of ‘S+V+Guod(过d)’+Otime’ could express both ‘passing’ and ‘completed’, which could be seen as a transition period as of ‘Guo(过)’ as a directional complement to ‘Guo1(过₁)’ indicating “completed”.