The development of efficient electrocatalysts occupies a vital position in achieving efficient energy conversionand storage. Transition-metal-based layered double hydroxides (TM LDHs) featuring unique layeredstructure have received extensive attention in the field of designing highly cost-effectiveelectrocatalysts. Nevertheless, the practical application of TM LDH-based electrocatalysts still faces a seriesof challenges including insufficient active sites, inferior intrinsic conductivity and suboptimal robustness. Throughout this review, the most recent researches dedicated to TM LDH-based electrocatalysts arereviewed in terms of structural features, synthetic strategies, modification approaches and electrocatalyticapplications. This review focuses on the effective modification approaches and important electrochemicalapplications of TM LDHs. This review supplies the conducive tools to select the appropriatetechnics for adequately boosting the electrocatalytic performance of TM LDH-based electrocatalystsand concludes with a salient summary outlining orientations for further research.