Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most frequent complications of diabetes, and by increasing the risk of gangrene of the feet, it may markedly reduce the QOL of the patient. As major challenges of care for diabetic neuropathy, there are no established treatment methods other than glucose control, clear diagnostic criteria, or quantitative test methods that are easy to conduct. Although measurement of the nerve conduction velocity is considered the most useful quantitative test method, it also has demerits, as it is only feasible for mid-scale or larger hospitals, and requires skilled technicians and a considerable amount of time. A simple nerve conduction velocity measurement device (DPNCheck®), which enables the conventional measurement of nerve conduction velocities at patients' bedsides, has recently become available. Using this device, it is possible to measure the conduction velocity and amplitude of the sural nerve as a sensory nerve in a few minutes. As such, this device may be useful in clinical settings. Furthermore, the portable peripheral nerve tester PNS-7000 is also available to quantitatively assess the functions of non-medullated nerves and is currently under evaluation to confirm its usability. Thus, new quantitative test methods for diabetic neuropathy are slowly being proposed. On the other hand, early and strict glucose control is the most important approach for the prevention of diabetic neuropathy and its progression, but the importance of improving impaired polyol pathway activity or other metabolic disorders, and providing interventions for problematic blood pressures/lipid levels/weights and smoking habits has also been suggested. However, aldose reductase inhibitors are the only drugs available for treatment of diabetic neuropathy at present, and therefore, there is a strong demand for the development of new treatment drugs. This report mainly presents new test methods for the early diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy and treatment methods for neuropathy.