Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in patients undergoing chronic dialysis. However, few clinical studies have so far examined stroke, especially brain infarction, under such conditions. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical features and risk factors for brain infarction in 33 patients undergoing hemodialysis (hemodialysis, 29 patients; continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, 4 patients; male : female ratio, 25 : 8) between May 2003 and August 2006. The mean age was 68.5±10.9 (mean±SD) years. The basal renal diseases were chronic glomerulonephritis (n=16), diabetes mellitus (n=10) and other diseases (n=7). The mean duration of maintenance dialysis before the onset of stroke was 5.6±5.2 years. All 33 patients developed brain infarction, including the atherothrombotic (n=13), lacunar (n=9) and cardioembolic (n=11) types. The complications included a high frequency of hypertension (79%) in all groups, diabetes mellitus (36%) and atrial fibrillation (21%). Four of the patients, 2 with lacunar and 2 with atherothrombotic infarction, developed brain infarction within 3 hours after hemodialysis. Hemodynamic changes might have caused the infarction in these patients. The proportion of patients with a modified Rankin Scale grade of 4-6 at discharge was 42%, and the mortality rate was high (15%). The prognosis of brain infarction was poorer in patients with hemodialysis than in those without.