近些年来,市场经济日趋繁荣,银行业发展蒸蒸日上,随着市场经济和银 行业的迅猛发展,信用卡产业也在逐渐成熟。信用卡这种新型支付工具凭借其 高效、便捷的特点,日益赢得公众喜爱,使用信用卡变成了一种很普遍的现 象,一人多卡也是很正常的。 但信用卡的体积小、价值大,在日常生活中很容易被偷盗或不慎遗失,再加 上信用卡密码较短且容易破译、持卡人签名容易被模仿,进而就会产生一系列 由信用卡被冒用而导致的风险,这不但妨碍了信用卡产业的健康发展,还会破坏社会环境和金融秩序,对市场 经济的健康、持续运行造成了诸多潜在的威胁。随着信用卡冒用问题的产生及凸显,与信用卡冒用相关的法律 纠纷也越来越多,特别是信用卡冒用后的责任承担问题,长期以来是司法实践领域的难题所在。当信用卡出现 被冒用的情况,信用卡各相关当事人是否应该承担 责任,各当事人之间的责任又该如何分配,是我们处理此类纠纷时首先要解决 的问题,但是纵观中国当前法律体系,对此尚无明确且具有针对性的规定, 而仅仅是依托于行业规则(各银行的领用协议或信用卡章程)进行规制来处 理具体纠纷。针对上述问题,本文首先对信用卡进行了法律界定,并对由当前立法不足而导致的一系列问题进 行论述,进而从优化责任分配的角度出发,对信用卡冒用 的责任分担问题提供了相关立法建议。优化责任分配应是制定信用卡冒用相关 法律的出发点和立足点,具体应从三个方面入手:首先,立法应明确发卡银行应当承担的责任。韩国大部分信 用卡章程规定挂失之日起60日内发生的损失 由发卡机构来承担,应借鉴韩国的规定,明确发卡银行的违约责任和过错责 任。其次,立法应明确特约商户的责任。在特约商户故意导致冒用行为发生时,特约商户应该承担全部责任; 在特约商户过失导致冒用行为发生时,应 该按照其过错的程度承担相应的过错责任。最后,立法应明确持卡人的责 任。信用卡由“持卡人”使用,并且签名、密码均一致时和信用卡由持卡人授权他人使用时,持卡人均应当承担 责任。
In recent years, the market economy and the banking industry is growing fastly day by day.With the development of the market economy and the banking industry, credit card industry is vigorous and fast developing. With the features of high efficiency and convenience, the new tool of credit card has won public love increasingly. It is a common phenomenon that people use credit card, even one people have more than one card is very normal. Because of the small volume and big value, the credit card is easy to steal or lost. Especially it is easy to crack the password and imitate the signature, the risk of the credit card falsely used offen emerge. It will not only hinders the healthy development of the credit card industry, but also destroys the social environment and financial order and caused many potential threats to the healthy, sustainable operation of the market economy. With the increasing of the falsely used, the relevant legal dispites are more and more, especially the problem of the civil liability of the credit card falsely used, it is the puzzle of the judicial practice for a long time.In the circumstances of the credit card falsely used, the problem of whether the parties revevant the credit card should bear responsibility or not and how to distribute the liability should be solved. But we can only depend on the industry rules(the recipients rules and the regulation of the credit card) deal with the disputes because of the absence of our law, there is no clear and targeted rule. In order to solve the above problems, in this paper, the anthor firstly discusses the legal definition of credit card falsely used, and then analyzes the current situation and problems of the allocation of responsibility, and finally improve the liability issues in the perspective of completing legislation of the credit card and from the perspective of optimizing the allocation of responsibilities. Firstly, the legislation should be clear the responsibility of issuing banks. Most South Korea's credit card approvements formulate that card issuer should bear the loss within 60 days from the date of report the loss, we should clear the liability for breach of contract of the issuing bank and fault liability reference to the provisions of the South Korean. Secondly,the legislation should be clear the responsibility of the specially engaged. Special merchants should take full responsibility when specially engaged in fraudulent behavior on purpose; Special merchants should undertake corresponding responsibility according to the degree of faults when specially engaged using behavior occurs as a result of negligence. Finally, legislation should be clear the responsibility of the cardholder. Credit card used by the cardholder only, cardholders shall bear the responsibility when the credit card authorized by the cardholder others to use.