In this paper, the survey line layout of multibeam bathymetric system in seabed topographic data acquisition is studied. Firstly, the geometric features under two-dimensional and three-dimensional conditions are analyzed, the measurement models under fixed and variable survey line directions are established, and the survey line distribution adjustment strategy is proposed. Secondly, under the fixed survey line direction, the models of seawater depth and coverage width were constructed by using trigonometric functions, and the correctness and validity of the models were verified by visualization analysis. Next, the model was extended to three-dimensional space, and the angle of the survey line direction was introduced as a new variable to build the model of seawater depth and coverage width, and the reliability of the model was verified by visualization analysis. Finally, the overlap rate model was established by using the collinear theorem and the sine theorem, and the optimal location of the survey line was found by visual analysis. The optimal survey line arrangement was determined by the bisection finding method, which finally resulted in 33 sets of survey lines with parallel north-south directions and a total length of 66 nautical miles.