4D打印是实现对智能材料的增材制造技术。本文基于复合材料、形状记忆聚合物、形状记忆合金等材料简要综述了4D打印智能材料的研究进展。目前复合材料的4D打印向着多材料精确复合、响应速度快、成形材料功能化等方向发展;4D打印形状记忆聚合物则朝着形态可控、实现特定动作等方向发展;4D打印形状记忆合金,目前向着相转变行为精确调控、变形可控等方向发展。由于目前4D打印形状记忆合金存在诸多未解决的问题,本文提出了获得近全致密4D打印形状记忆合金需考虑的因素;成形孔隙对其综合性能的影响;组织性能调控;变形控制;性能指标调节的冗余度问题;需要突破的科学问题等相关思考。总体而言,随着新型原材料、成形方法、控制软件和机器精度的不断发展,4D打印技术发展迅速,正逐步走向智能化、精确化和高效化。
4D Printing technology can achieve additive manufacturing of smart materials. Recent progresses of 4D printing composite materials, shape memory polymers, shape memory alloys and other smart materials were reviewed. 4D printing technology is developing towards multi-material precise compounding, fast response and functional forming materials recently. 4D printing technology of shape memory polymers is developing towards shape controllable and accurate movement. 4D printing technology of shape memory alloys is developing towards precise control of phase transition behavior and deformation controllable. Several considerations about 4D printing shape memory alloys were proposed based on unsolved problems, such as: the factors should be considered for obtaining near-full dense 4D printed shape memory alloys, effect of voids on its comprehensive properties, regulation of structure and properties, and deformation control, etc. Overall, with the development of new materials, forming methods, control software and machine accuracy, 4D printing technology is developed rapidly, and is gradually moving towards intellectualization, accuracy and efficiency.