The recent Stern Review (The Economics of Climate Change) [1] and the 2007 reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have left little doubt that rapid action is needed to develop CO2 free energy technologies. Indeed to stay below atmospheric CO2 levels of 450ppm, which is widely seen as the highest safe CO2 option, requires the installation of ~11TW-yr CO2 free energy capacity by 2025 (Compared with a total global energy demand of ~13 TW-yr). Currently fuels make up ~67% of the global energy market (Total global energy market =13 TW-yr) [2]. In contrast global electricity demand accounts for only 33%. Yet despite the importance of fuels, almost all CO2 free energy production systems under development are designed to drive electricity generation (e.g. clean-coal technology, nuclear, photovoltaic & wind). In contrast, and indeed almost uniquely, bio-fuels also target the much larger fuel market and so in the future, will play an increasingly important role. Photosynthesis is central to all biofuel production (bio-diesel, bio-ethanol, bio-H2, bio-methane, biomass-to liquid (BTL). Here the advances made by the Solar-Biofuels Consortium at the level of light harvesting antenna engineering, metabonomics, the development of alternative fuels streams, enhanced bio-H2 production and the development of large bioreactors will be presented