In the present study an investigation was conducted to examine the materials used in the early and medieval mural paintings of Mongolia. As part of the research the following sites were examined using an X-ray analysis (XRF), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM): the Shoroon Bumbagar tomb from the Turkicperiod (6th-7th centuries), the Kalabargason ruins from the Uighur period (8th-9th centuries), the imperial tombs from the Kitan period (11th-12th centuries) located in Baarin Hoshuu, Ulaantsav city, Inner Mongolia and the mural paintings of the Karakorum ruins (13th-14th centuries), once the capital of the Great Mongol Empire. Hematite (Fe2O3) was detected in the red portion following an investigation of the Shoroon Bumbagar tomb, which dates back to the 6th-7th centuries. In addition, calcite (CaCO3) was identified from the plaster layer. The investigation also revealed hematite formation in the wall paintings of the Karabalgasun ruins of the Uighur period, in the orange, red, and brown parts, and azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2) in the blue portions. Meanwhile, calcite (CaCO3) was detected from the plaster layer. A large amount of copper was noticed in the green pigment area during the investigation of the wall paintings of the imperial tomb of the Kitan period. This green pigment is estimated to be malachite. Cinnabar that was detected from the red part was assessed to be vermilion (HgS). From the results of the investigation of the wall paintings of the Karakorum ruins of the Great Mongol Empire (13th-14th centuries), cinnabar (HgS) and red lead (Pb3O4) were detected from the red and orange parts, azurite from the blue portion, and calcite from the plaster layer.