As survival rates have improved in pediatric patients with leukemia, late side effects from chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy have become important considerations. We investigated these side effects and evaluated their impact on neurocognitive functions. The observational study included 68 patients with acute leukemia who were treated at Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty. The study also included 62 of the patients’ closest age siblings as a control group. Demographic and clinical data, chemotherapy protocol, use of radiotherapy were recorded, neurological and ophthalmological examinations, cranial imaging, electroencephalography, visual evoked potential, and hearing investigations were performed, and neurocognitive functions were evaluated. At least one or more late effects detected by a neurologic abnormality on physical exam, cranial magnetic resonance imaging, neurological tests, or neurocognitive tests was significantly more likely in the patient group (82.4%) compared to the control group (29%, p