Competing Interests: Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE disclosure form at https://www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/ and declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; JJK is a statistical editor for The BMJ, for which he receives remuneration; EM-W has received grants/contracts from the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Arnold Ventures, and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, has received consulting fees for editorial work from Origin Editorial, payment/honorariums from the American Public Health Association and National Institutes of Health, and has an unpaid leadership role in the American Psychological Association; LB has received grants/contracts from the state of Colorado, Cochrane, and the US Environmental Protection Agency, has received consulting fees for work as a conflict of interest advisor from Health Canada, has received support for travel from the National Academy of Science Engineering and Medicine, Cochrane and the World Congress on Research Integrity, and has an unpaid chair role for the National Academy of Science Engineering and Medicine committees; EHT has received an honorarium for a lecture on publication bias from the University of British Columbia, Canada; all other authors declare having no competing interests.