BACKGROUND: Prevalence estimates of illicit drug use by teens are typically generated from confidential or anonymous self-report. While data comparing teen self-report with biological measures are limited, adult studies identify varying degrees of under-reporting. METHODS: Hair analyses for cocaine, opiates and marijuana were compared to confidential teen selfand parent-reported teen drug use in a longitudinal cohort of >400 high-risk urban teens and parents. RESULTS: Both teens and parents substantially underreported recent teen cocaine and opiate use. However, compared with parents, teens were more likely to deny biomarker-verified cocaine use. Teen specimens (hair) were 52 times more likely to identify cocaine use compared with self-report. Parent hair analyses for cocaine and opiate use were 6.5 times and 5.5 times, respectively, more likely to indicate drug use than were parental self-report. The lack of concordance between self-report and bioassay occurred despite participant's knowledge that a "certificate of confidentiality" protected both teen and adult participants, and that the biological specimens would be tested for drugs. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm prior reports of adult underreporting of their own drug use while extending our understanding of teen's self-admitted drug use. The lack of concordance between teen selfor parent-reported teen drug use and biomarkers confirm our concerns that both teenand parent-reported teen drug use is limited, at least for youth in high-risk urban settings. Methods of ascertainment otherthan selfor parent-report must be considered when health care providers, researchers and public health agencies attempt to estimate teen drug-use prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]