Fluoride has been added not only to drinking water but also in dental products, drugs, and infant formulas in many countries for public health however, its risks remain a primary topic worldwide. Fluoride can accumulate in the animal/human body, and its long-term exposure harms body tissues, particularly the nervous system without causing any visible deformities before. It rapidly passes the blood-brain barrier and affects cellular energy metabolism, the production of inflammatory mediators, the metabolism of neurotransmitters, the activation of microglia, and the expression of proteins involved in the maturation of neurons. Fluoride induces apoptosis and inflammation in the central nervous system is reported as the main reason behind its toxicity. With aluminum, it forms a fluoroaluminum complex that can accumulate in the brain for prolonged neurotoxicity Fluoride increases intestinal inflammation and permeability and decreases mRNA levels of tight junction proteins in the intestines resulting in brain-derived injury through the gut-brain axis. Although there are many mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic effects of fluoride, but its exposure through various sources on brain health need to be elucidate through well designed animal models and epidemiological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]