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학위논문 동서

荀子의 論理思想에 關한 硏究

최주영

부산 : 東亞大學校 大學院 1990

64 장 ; 26 cm.

학위논문(석사)-- 東亞大學校 大學院 : 哲學科, 1990년 1월

참고문헌: p. 60 / 영문초록 : The purpose of this study aims to clarify the logical theory of Hsu¨n Tzu who completed the ancient Chinese theory of logic through a preliminary understanding about the general characteri-stics of the logical views in the ancient Chinese. The theory of Names-Realities, one of the logics of pre-Ch'in period of China, has its historical background in the days of the Ch'un Ch'iu and Chan Kuo when a series of discord as well as confusion, derived from the downfall of Chou Dynasty, were prevalent. That era was characterized by the vicarious authority of the subjects who had replaced that of their king. The very fact signifies the confusion between names and realities. Most of the scholars at that time, thus, sought to understand the universe with their own theory on names and realities. The way of comprehending the universe through names and realities was largely devided into two schools, one putting emphasis on names and the other on realities - namely Realism and Nominalism. Nominalism school, in this sense, claimed that names were means of artificial fictiousness to embody the existing realities, and they naturally placed the worth of names below that of realities, while Realism school, in a marked contrast, regarded names as having a principle of universality, and thus they suggested predominance of names over realities, since the true definition of names resulted in the right distinction of the theory of realities. Nominalism school seem to have been prevalent during Ch'un Ch'iu and Chan Kuo periods. But the forming of the unified nation by the following Han Dynasty caused Realism school to obtain influence. This aspect might be sprung from the formula that names control realities, and it makes another scheme possible that centralization of power is the absolute authority. Hsu¨n tzu classified as one of the Realism school, strengthened his logical characteristics with the basis of Confucius's Rectification of Names as his logical theory. He viewed that the chaos of the pre-Ch'in era had been originated from the very fact that names and realities do not correspond with each other. He, accordingly, aimed the social and national stability with the help of concord between names and realities. Such concord that he proposed could be achieved only through the unification between dominant names and dependant realities. From this, he sought the unification of individualities through universality. Examined as above, the theory of Hsu¨n Tzu can be viewed as two parts of the theory of Defining Names and the theory of Three Fallacies which inherited the characteristics of general logics in pre-Ch'in era, not only having a quality of logic in itself but also containing that of a means to settle realistic problems. In the theory of Defining Names, Hsu¨n Tzu expressed his view about the necessity of names, and the rule as well as the process of name enactment. He, who could be included in the viewpoints of native realism in a epistemological sense, determines names of recognized object that operates identically in human beings and enters through the heavenly-given sensory organs, according to the principle of the theory of Clarification based on genus and species. He classifies such names into six kinds as Single name, Compound name, Common name, General common name, Individual name, Ultimate individual name. He develops his own peculiar logical theory, with the understanding backed by the chaotic names's system of the time through the formation of dual-structure concept, such as General common name and Ultimate individual name, the former producing the principle of universality and the latter naming the reality of the most fundamental unit according to the concept of species. He, also, develops another theory of fallacy, examplifying some logical statements that deviate the three principles of names enactment. Hsu¨n Tzu criticized the confused sophisms of the time, making such deviations from the principle of the necessity of names(所爲有名) as Fallacy of using wrong names by using wrong names, those from the principle of following the same or the difference(所綠以同異) as Fallacy of using wrong names by misunderstanding realities, and those from the principle of the rule of name enactment as Fallacy of misunderstanding realities by using wrong names.

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