One-dimensional TiO2 nanotube array (1D-TNTs) was prepared on the surface of the pure titanium mesh by a simple anodization method, and 2H phase MoS2 (2H-MoS2) was deposited on the surface of the 1D-TNTs with a magnetron sputtering method. XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, PL, UV–Vis DRS and photoelectric properties were used to characterize the 2H-MoS2/1D-TNTs composite material. The results show that 2H-MoS2 is uniformly composited on the surface of 1D-TNTs. By constructing Z-scheme transfer mechanism of electron–hole pairs, the carrier separation efficiency is significantly increased and the recombination rate is reduced, so that the degradation of rhodamine B by 2H-MoS2/1D-TNTs under simulated visible light is greatly improved. The stability of 2H-MoS2/1D-TNTs was tested by cyclic photocatalysis experiment. The mechanism was studied by masking experiment, and it was concluded that OH and·O2− are the main active species in the catalytic process.