Abstract: Corydalis turtschaninovii Besser is a plant species in the genus Corydalis belonging to the Fumariaceae, and is widely distributed in the northern-hemisphere Asian countries. Its dried tubers have been used as a natural therapeutic agent to reduce pain from osteoarthritis, digestive issues and nerve damage, and to combat addiction of opioids. In this study micropropagation of C. turtschaninovii via direct and indirect organogenesis and embryogenesis was studied. Shoot apex was the suitable explant with the highest number of direct adventitious shoots induced per explant in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with 1.0 mg·L-1 kinetin (Kn) and 0.2 mg·L-1 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA). The application of simple sequence repeats (SSR) molecular markers confirmed the clonal fidelity of the adventitious shoot-derived plantlets. For direct embryogenesis, a combination of 0.5 mg·L-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 5 mg·L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) gave the greatest number of somatic embryos induced from the tuber explant. The 0.5 or 1.0 mg·L-1 IAA alone stimulated the development of somatic embryos. A developmental procedure of somatic embryos, from globular embryos to plantlets, was directly induced on the surface of the tuber explant. Hence efficient protocols for mass propagation of C. turtschaninovii via both direct adventitious shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis were developed and the clonal fidelity of the adventitious shoot-derived plantlets was confirmed.Callus induction is a preliminary and important stage in plant tissue culture studies. The callus as undifferentiated cell mass has been successfully applied to the regeneration of the plant in vitro and the production of secondary metabolites from many plant species. Induction of callus and subsequent differentiation and organogenesis are accomplished by the differential applications of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the culture medium along with the control of environmental conditions. In the present study, calli were successfully induced from the leaf, tuber, and petiole explants with different PGR combinations. The best formula for callus induction and callus fresh weight from the leaf, tuber, and petiole explants was 3.0 mg∙L-1 Kn combined with 0.8 mg∙L-1 NAA, 3.0 mg∙L-1 BA combined with 0.8 mg∙L-1 NAA, and 1.0 or 2.0 mg∙L-1 BA combined with 0.5 mg∙L-1 NAA, respectively.For indirect shoot organogenesis, combined red and blue LEDs at a 1:1 ratio or blue LED could promote the induction of the shoot from the callus, and biomass of the callus. The physical state of the medium, PGR, and ethylene inhibitor [salicylic acid (SA) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)] were applied for the indirect induction of somatic embryos. The greatest frequency of somatic embryogenesis and number of somatic embryos induced per explant were obtained with 3.0 mg∙L-1 thidiazuron (TDZ) supplemented to the liquid MS medium. Furthermore, 3 mg∙L-1 TDZ combined with 10 or 50 µM ASA enhanced the indirect embryogenesis.The TDZ, BA, or elicitor methyl jasmonate (MeJA) stimulated the concentration of dl-tetrahydropalmatine (dl-THP), especially in the red LED light treatment. The highest concentration of dl-THP was observed with 1.0 mg·mL-1 TDZ combined with 100 μM MeJA and a red LED light.To establish an effective way of producing and isolating alkaloid for pharmaceutical and commercial use, a systematic protocol of cell culture of C. turtschaninovii was developed. Friable calli were induced from the tuber explant cultured in the liquid MS medium containing 1 mg·L-1 BA in a combination with 1 mg·L-1 2,4-D. Sucrose was supposed to be the best carbon source as the greatest dry weight and contents of starch and soluble sugar of cells were observed at 5% (w/v) concentration. Considering the expense, 3% (w/v) sucrose was the optimal choice as the sugar source due to the relatively small difference observed between the 3 and 5% (w/v) sucrose. From the callus cultures with suitable PGRs and a carbon source, a cell suspension culture was initiated and the cellular differentiation was investigated. In addition, the effect of biotic elicitors, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), on accumulation of secondary metabolites was investigated. Among the elicitors, both the SNP and MeJA stimulated the accumulation of dl-THP. The SNP had a negative effect on the fresh and dry weights of cultured cells, whereas MeJA promoted cell growth. Overall, the outcomes of this study may be utilized for production of alkaloids and dl-THP in C. turtschaninovii through callus and cell cultures.