Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Day-Night Band (VIIRS-DNB) data provides a much higher capability for observing and quantifying nighttime light (NTL) brightness in comparison with Defense Meteorological Satellite-Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) data. In South Korea, there is little research on the detection of NTL brightness change using VIIRS-DNB data. This study analyzed the spatial distribution and change of NTL brightness between 2013 and 2016 using VIIRS-DNB data, and detected its spatial relation with possible influencing factors using regression models. The intra-year seasonality of NTL brightness in 2016 was also studied by analyzing the deviation and change clusters, as well as the influencing factors. Results are as follows: 1) The higher value of NTL brightness in 2013 and 2016 is concentrated in Seoul and its surrounding cities, which positively correlated with population density and residential areas, economic land use, and other factors; 2) There is a decreasing trend of NTL brightness from 2013 to 2016, which is obvious in Seoul, with the change of population density and area of industrial buildings as the main influencing factors; 3) Areas in Seoul, and some surrounding areas have high deviation of the intra-year NTL brightness, and 71% of the total areas have their highest NTL brightness in January, February, October, November and December; and 4) Change of NTL brightness between summer and winter demonstrated a significantly positive relation with snow cover area change, and a slightly and significantly negative relation with albedo change.