使事用典是文学的一种创作方式,也是一种修辞方式。它以一种替代性、浓缩性的叙事,展 现出曲折深婉的抒情特点。《破闲集》是高丽王朝的第一部诗话,其记录的文谈、诗话、诗作等大 量使事用典。这些使事用典来自同一时期或更早的中国古代文学、史学作品。从理论层面上,李 仁老谈到用事修辞论与用事批评论,他的主张与宋诗话一脉相承。反对以李商隐为代表的过多、 过于生僻的用事,但又推崇自然无痕的炼字用典;从实践层面上,《破闲集》中的使事用典可以分 为典出历史史实和典出文学作品两类。其中提到中国历史人物、历史事件共有26则,涉及历史事 件40余起,历史人物30余人。唐宋文学作品和文人轶事更是屡见不鲜。显然,《破闲集》无论是 用事理论还是用事类型及特点都与中国文学有着极为密切的关联。这种关联既体现出中国古代 文学与朝鲜半岛的历史渊源,显现出高丽王朝对当时中国古代文学的历时性和共时性的接受。更 展现出高丽文人在倾慕、学习中希求建立民族特色,媲美进而超越中原文学的时代风尚与民族 意识。
Allusion, a form of both literary composition and rhetoric, reveals the lyrical features of twists and turns in an alternative and condensed narrative. Pa-han Jip (破闲集) is the first Shihua (诗话) of the Goryeo dynasty, which records numerous allusions to poems, literary appreciation as well as anecdotes, all originating from ancient Chinese literature and historical works of the same period or even earlier. On a theoretical level, Renlao Li is concerned with the theories of allusion usage from the perspective of literary creation and criticism, showing his claims in the same vein as those of Song Shihua. He opposes the excessive and overly esoteric allusions as represented by Shangyin Li, and promotes strongly the more natural allusion usage with a focus on word polishing. On a practical level, allusions in Pa-han Jip can be divided into two types, namely historical allusion and literary allusion. In this work, there are 26 pieces referring to Chinese historical figures and events, of which more than 30 figures and 40 events are involved. Emperors, lords, generals, chancellors, secretaries, relegated officials, hermits, and even the most famous courtesans of beauty and talent from the Yao and Shun periods to the Han and Tang dynasties are broadly included, while Tang and Song literary works and anecdotes are even commonplace. It is clear that theories, types and features of allusions in Pa-han Jip are all in highly close relationship with Chinese Literature. This relationship reflects not only the ties in history between the Korean peninsula and China in literature, indicating the Goryeo dynasty’s acceptance of ancient Chinese literature of the time in both its diachrony and synchrony; but also social trends and ethnic awareness that seek to rival and surpass the Central Plains in literature, which are widely shared by the Goryeo literati who are in pursuit of constructing their own ethnic characteristics in admiration and study.