As bullying within organizations has been recently recognized as a serious social problem in Korea as well as in major overseas countries, a law to prohibit workplace bullying has been implemented since 2019 to create a working environment where organizational members should not be bullied. However, one in three office workers still appears to have experienced workplace bullying in the past year, and even the rate of bullied experience has been gradually increasing. Therefore, this study conducted an empirical research to confirm that an individual’s perception of bullying within an organization can have a direct and negative impact on job behaviors such as counterproductive task activities and turnover intentions. In addition, it was intended to provide an integrated understanding of managing bullying within organizations by examining the role of the moderating effect of self-esteem, which is an individual’s internal mechanism and personal resource. This study carried out a survey targeting domestic office workers, and a total of 287 valid samples were used for analysis. The results of the empirical analysis are as follows. First, an individual’s perception of bullying within an organization was found to have a positive(+) influence on the negative effects such as counterproductive task behavior toward others, counterproductive task behavior toward the organization, and turnover intention. Second, self-esteem showed a moderating effect in the relationship between bullying within the organization and counterproductive task behavior toward others, but did not have a moderating effect in counterproductive task behavior toward the organization. Third, self-esteem had a significant moderating effect in the relationship between perception of bullying within the organization and turnover intention, but the higher the self-esteem, the rather stronger the turnover intention. As an empirical analysis of domestic office workers, this study is significant in that it examined how the perception of bullying within an organization affects negative behavioral intentions. In addition, it was found that the higher the self-esteem, the more different the way to recover the emotions lost by an individual’s perception of bullying, so it aims to emphasize the importance of institutional support from the organization as a solution.