随着人工智能、大数据等信息领域的发展,它们以各种应用形式契入现实,在带来 进步和便利的同时,其也以“异化”的方式对人们的生活产生负面的影响。本文立足以下 三个问题来进行思考:如何理解“异化”观念;这一观念在近代是如何演化的;对于克服 这一观念前人做出过哪些努力。 “异化”观念近代最初出现在黑格尔的哲学理论中,随后马克思、马尔库塞都对此进行 了浓墨重彩的研究,基于他们理论的价值和影响力,文章将循着黑格尔-马克思-马尔库 塞的顺序,从黑格尔的异化观念入手,阐述马克思对黑格尔思想的继承,分析他对资本 主义工人异化劳动的批判和他的社会革命理论;进而引入对马尔库塞技术异化理论的介 绍和对他的美学革命理论的分析;在此基础之上,对马克思和马尔库塞两人的理论观点 进行比较,指出他们之间存在差异的原因,对原因的分析是本文的创新之所在;最后对 两位哲学家异化理论的现实影响和意义进行简要的阐释和展望。 通过以上努力,力图理清近代以来“异化”“劳动异化”“技术异化”等观念的历史发展脉 络及其克服的不同路径,以期对思考和批判现今信息社会下出现的最新形式的异化现象 有所启发。
As information areas such as artificial intelligence and big data develop, they are integrated into reality in the form of all kinds of applications. They not only bring progress and convenience, but also have a negative impact on people’s lives in an “alienated” manner. In this paper, we think about the following three questions. How can we understand the concept of “alienation”? How did this concept evolve in modern times? What efforts were made by predecessors to overcome this concept? At the beginning, the concept of “alienation” appeared in the philosophical theory of Hegel in modern times. After that, Marx and Marcuse did an in-depth study on it. Based on the value and effects of their theories, this paper explains Marx’s inheritance of thought of Hegel and analyzes his criticism of alienated labor of capitalist workers and his theory of social revolution in the order of Hegel-Marx-Marcuse, starting from the alienation concept of Hegel, thus introducing Marcuse’s theory of alienation of technology and analyzing his theory of aesthetic revolution. On this basis, the theoretical perspectives of Marx and Marcuse were compared and the reasons for the differences between them were defined. The analysis of reasons is the innovation in this paper. Last but not the least, a brief explanation and outlook of the practical effects and significance of the alienation theory of the two philosophers were given. By making the efforts above, we tried to define the historical development of concepts including “alienation”, “alienation of labor”, and “alienation of technology” since modern times, and different paths to overcome them to provide enlightenment to thinking and criticism of the alienation of latest forms in today’s information society.