经验法则,则指人类以经验归纳抽象后所获得的关于事物属性以及事 物之间常态联系的一般性知识或法则,其是在人类长期生产和生活实践 中形成的客观存在的不成文法则. 作为事实推定的大前提,经验法则的准 确识别、甄别、采纳、适用直接决定了实体裁判的公正与否. 在司法实践 中,法官对于经验法则的不规范适用,往往会导致事实认定发生错误. 经验法则在事实推定中不规范适用的原因表现在制度设计方面和事实 认定者方面. 就制度设计方面而言,主要是形式化的心证公开、不规范的 合议制和特殊经验法则认定困难. 就事实认定者方面,主要是事实认定者 的综合能力遭质疑、固有思维模式作用下的认知偏差和事实认定困境下 的趋利选择. 因此,本文认为,可以从心证公开的实质化、自由决定型向交流型转 变、合议制度作用的落实、改进特殊经验法则认定机制这四个方面来完 善事实推定中经验法则的规范适用. 通过保证经验法则的规范适用,可以 保证事实推定产出品的正确性,并进而保障作为裁判基础的事实更接近 于客观真实.
The rule of thumb refers to the general knowledge or rules of human beings that are empirically summarized and abstracted about the attributes of things and the normal connections between things. They are the unwritten rules of objective existence formed in human long-term production and life practice. As the premise of the factual presumption, the accurate identification, screening, adoption and application of the rule of thumb directly determine the fairness of the entity’s referee. However, compared with the direct correlation and directivity of the facts to be proved in the direct proof model and the direct evidence, the factual presupposition model using the rule of thumb, the subjective arbitrage caused by improper experience is often mixed into the complex In logical reasoning. By ensuring the application of the rules of thumb, it is possible to ensure the correctness of the facts and to ensure that the facts as the basis of the referee are closer to the objective reality.