《2015年民事诉讼法司法解释》和《2017年最高法执转破指导意见》 建构和完善了民事执行转破产机制,对创新纾解执行难司法困境的实现 路径,助推供给侧改革需求下救治或清理问题企业,有效破解影响司法公信 力的执行不能难题,有着毋庸置疑的重要价值。 从规范制定的视角看,2015年2月4日施行《最高人民法院关于适用<中华 人民共和国民事诉讼法>的解释》首次正式确立了民事执行转破产机制。 2017年1月20日施行的《最高人民法院关于执行案件移送破产审查若干问题 的指导意见》极大细化了民事执行转破产机制。其他规范文件不断强调民事 强制执行程序与破产工作有序衔接的重要性,各地法院在此过程中也相继出 台了相关办理流程或操作规定,极大地完善了民事执行转破产机制。 从中国民事执行转破产机制的运行情况看,尚有诸多有待完善之处,包括 应当坚持的基本理念缺位,具体规则不够细化、体系,基础性缺陷限制了执 行转破产竞争力,以及适用范围狭窄。笔者在对民事执行转破产机制运行中 存在的问题进行深入剖析的基础上,提出了四个方面的完善举措:一是明确 民事执行转破产机制应坚持两个基本理念,即尊重当事人程序选择权和程序 公开、公平、公正理念;二是厘定民事强制执行转破产机制系统性的规则体 系,这就需要强化《企业破产法》和《强制执行法》统领,重新制定新的系 统性司法解释;三是进一步增强民事执行转破产机制基础性竞争力,尤其是 应着手强化对执行当事人利益的关注,适度简化执行转破产相关程序,加强 破产审判专业化建设;四是提出建构个人破产制度,并将民事执行转破产机 制适用范围拓展至个人破产领域。
"Judicial Interpretation of Civil Procedure Law of 2015" and " Guidelines for the Implementation of the Supreme Law of 2017" have established and improved the mechanism of civil implementation to bankruptcy, and There is no doubt important value for the realization path of innovation to relive the "difficulties in execution" judicial dilemma, boosting supply-side reform to cure or clean up problem enterprise and effectively cracking the "implementation impossible" problem that affects the credibility of the judiciary. From the perspective of the norm establishment, the Interpretation of "The PRC Civil Procedure Law" adapted to the Supreme People's Court on February 4, 2015 officially established the mechanism of civil implementation to bankruptcy for the first time. "Guidance on Several Issues Concerning the Transfer of Enforcement Cases to Bankruptcy Review of the Supreme People's Court" on January 20, 2017 greatly refined the mechanism of civil implementation to bankruptcy. Other normative documents constantly emphasize the importance of the orderly connection between civil enforcement procedures and bankruptcy work, and local courts have also introduced relevant procedures or operational regulations in this process, which has greatly improved the mechanism of civil implementation to bankruptcy. However, from the perspective of the operation of the mechanism of civil implementation to bankruptcy in China, there are still many areas to be improved, including the lack of basic concepts that should be adhered to, the specific rules not detailed and systematic enough, the basic defects limiting the competitiveness of civil implementation to bankruptcy, and the narrow application. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the problems existing in the mechanism of civil implementation to bankruptcy, the author puts forward four aspects of perfect measures: Firstly, it should adhere to two basic concepts to clarify the mechanism of civil implementation to bankruptcy, namely respecting the choice of party procedures and the open, fair and just concept of the procedure, Secondly, it needs to determine the systemic rules system for the mechanism of civil implementation to bankruptcy, which requires strengthening the "Bankruptcy Law" and "enforcement law" to re-establish a new systematic judicial interpretation, Thirdly, it needs to further enhance the basic competitiveness of the mechanism of civil implementation to bankruptcy, especially to strengthen the concern for the interests of the parties involved, to moderately simplify the implementation of the relevant procedures for bankruptcy, and to strengthen the professionalization of bankruptcy trials, last, it needs to propose to construct a personal bankruptcy system, and to extend the scope of the mechanism of civil implementation to bankruptcy to the field of personal bankruptcy.