This paper addresses the finite-time resilient output regulation problem in high-order multi-agent systems affected by external disturbances and uncertain nonlinearities. Firstly, we propose an extended state observer aimed at estimating internal uncertainties and unknown disturbances within the system. Secondly, building upon the dynamic information provided by the observer, we devise a finite-time distributed resilient control protocol tailored for leader-follower systems. Within this protocol, compensation terms are strategically introduced to account for uncertain nonlinearities and stochastic disturbances, thus enabling consensus attainment within finite time for high-order uncertain nonlinear multi-agent systems. Rigorous analysis, rooted in graph theory and Lyapunov stability theory, is applied to rigorously assess the stability of the designed controller. Lastly, we substantiate the effectiveness of these algorithms through comprehensive simulation experiments.