With the rapid iterative update of modern science and technology products, the demand for high-speed optical receivers in the fields of information transmission and processing has become increasingly prominent. Based on CMOS 45nm process a 10Gbps high-speed, low-noise optical receiver is realized. An inverter-based transimpedance amplifier it is used as the first stage of the circuit, and the bandwidth and noise performance are optimized by introducing series inductor peaking technology. A two-stage variable gain amplifier with source degradation is adopted to provide a wide range of gain adjustment to cover the amplitude range of the input photocurrent, and a two-stage limiting amplifier is added to ensure sufficient gain of the high-speed link. At last, a continuous-time linear equalizer with a load resistance of 50ohm is designed as the output stage and a certain channel equalization capability is achieved. The post-simulation results show that its link gain covers the range of 68.5dBΩ -48.4dBΩ, its bandwidth is 8.9GHz, and the equivalent input current noise is 1.274μArms.