Using image processing technology to study sugarcane image contour extraction and edge detection methods has important research value and practical application significance for realizing pre-seed sugarcane planter to complete the seeding task stably, quickly, accurately and efficiently. In this regard, with the help of the MATLAB platform, this paper uses the hollowing out internal point algorithm to achieve the contour extraction of the sugarcane image, and uses five more classic edge detection operators for the same original sugarcane image to realize the edge detection of the sugarcane image. Analyze the results and draw the conclusion that Canny operator is the most suitable and effective edge detection operator for sugarcane image edge detection. This also provides an important reference for subsequent monitoring of the seeding status and efficiency of the precut sugarcane planter.