Objective To investigate the detection rate of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) in women without hysterectomy, and explore its correlation with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical lesions, and the role and suggestions of liquid-based cytology in screening VaIN. Methods The clinical data of 96 VaIN patients who did not have hysterectomy history selected from 3 084 patients undergoing colposcopy in our department from June 2019 to July 2020 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. The detection rate, onset age, type of susceptible HPV, the relationship between HPV and cervical lesions and the predictive value of liquid-based cytology in VaIN were analyzed. Results The detection rate of VaIN in people without hysterectomy was 3.11% (96/3 084), in which, 24 cases (25.0%) of high-grade VaIN and 72 cases (75.0%) of low-grade VaIN were found. The patients infected with 2 or more high-risk HPV subtypes had a higher incidence of high-grade VaIN than those infected with only 1 type (P=0.019). There was no correlation between cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and the presence of high-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (P=0.904). No difference in cytological results was seen between high-grade and low-grade VaIN groups (P=0.264). Conclusion The patients without hysterectomy with the infection of 2 or more sub-types of high-risk HPV have a higher risk of high-grade VaIN compared to those infected by only 1 high-risk sub-type. There is no relationship between cervical lesions and different grades of VaIN. For the high-risk population of VaIN, cytological sampling of vaginal wall can be carried out separately and specifically.