Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with an estimated 10 million people infected in 2019 and 1.2 million fatalities. Current treatments are limited due to low effectiveness, toxicity, extended duration, patient noncompliance, multidrug resistance (MDR), and extensive drug resistance (XDR) tuberculosis (TB). TB, a deadly contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a global concern. Conventional treatments negatively impact patient’s quality of life. Nanotechnology is being explored as a potential solution, overcoming limitations of conventional therapies and optimizing therapeutic effects. Conventional treatment requires a 6-month course of antibiotics and bactericidal compounds, leading to relapses and the development of MDR-TB and XDR-TB. This has led to a shift toward nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems. Drug-resistant TB presents challenges in conventional drug therapy due to toxicity and poor solubility issues. Nanotherapeutics, encapsulated with antimicrobial drugs, can overcome these issues by attracting macrophages, which serve as target sites for active and passive targeting. The coated surface of nanocarriers enhances drug concentration, indicating their therapeutic potential. Nanomedicine is a recent biomedical invention enhancing diagnosis, management, and deterrence of infectious diseases like TB. This method facilitates the delivery of various compounds, macromolecules, and site-specific actives, offering advantages such as reduced size, high surface volume ratio, and reduced adverse effects.