A new species of Anacardiaceae, Toxicodendron oligophyllum S. L. Tang, Liang Ma & S. P. Chen, from eastern Fujian Province, China, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, the leaf of T. oligophyllum includes only 3–5 leaflets which is the least number in all known species of Toxicodendron. Additionally, the length of inflorescence equal to which of the leaf can also be used as a well diagnostic characters to distinguish the new species from the other Toxicodendron. The phylogeny of Toxicodendron using the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and chloroplast (trnL-F) sequences was reconstructed. The result showed the new species is sister to T. sylvestre (Sieb. & Zucc.) Kuntze.