Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Machine learning workflow. Table S1. Inputs used to train the machine learning algorithm. Table S2. International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes used to identify emergency department encounters for acute heart failure. Table S3. Hyperparameter Optimization for the Top5F and 33F models. For each model, the first row lists the values of the optimal hyperparameters selected during model training. For each subsequent row, a single (bolded) hyperparameter is altered, and all other hyperparameters are unchanged.