OBJECTIVE This study evaluated associations among parenting stress, self-efficacy, and involvement in relation to spoken language outcomes in young children 3 years following cochlear implantation. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Six university tertiary medical centers. PATIENTS One hundred sixty-four young children with bilateral, severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss who had 3 years of experience with a CI; children with substantial cognitive impairments were excluded from the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESS Family Stress Scale (FSS), Scale of Parental Involvement and Self-Efficacy (SPISE), Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS). RESULTS Correlations were of moderate strength between FSS scores and SPISE scores (Parental Self-Efficacy, r = -0.45, p