Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide, with over 100,000 new cases diagnosed annually in the UK. This article examines the incidence and prevalence of C. trachomatis, the signs and symptoms, the potential complications associated with untreated chlamydial infection particularly in relation to pregnancy and childbirth and available treatment options. Implications for practice are discussed along with the argument for a more proactive approach to chlamydia screening in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]