Prior to such treatment, cholangiocarcinoma cytopathological characterization must be determined, because 5 %-25 % of indeterminate bile duct stenoses are benign and 3 %-7 % of patients who undergo surgery for a suspected malignant bile duct stenosis have a benign disease [1][6][7][8]. Additional sampling methods were performed during the same endoscopic procedure in most patients, including: intracholedochal biopsies under fluoroscopy in 29/51 patients (57 %), EUS-FNB in 19/51 patients (37 %), and intraductal cholangioscopy-guided biopsies in 2/51 patients (4 %). Graph Introduction Cholangiocarcinoma is the most frequent cause of jaundice in patients with intraductal bile duct stricture [1]. [Extracted from the article]