Gut microbiota plays a vital role in human intestinal homeostasis, correlating strongly with the progression of numerous diseases. Recent researches provide powerful evidence that the connections exist between gut microbiota and renal anaemia. Gut microbiota may have an impact on renal anaemia by regulating the hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) signalling, iron metabolism and inflammatory state. Because of this relationship, there may be potential treatments for renal anaemia. In this review, we will first provide an overview of current research progression on anaemia in chronic kidney disease and then introduce the relations among gut microbiota, HIF, and renal anaemia to explore the possible treatment options. Summary at a Glance: This review introduces the relations among gut microbiota, hypoxia‐inducible factor, and renal anaemia, highlighting the effects of gut microbiota on renal anaemia and exploring the possible treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]