The economic burden of cancer treatment has increased rapidly over the past few years. In this context, health workers and policy makers need to understand the concept of cost-effectiveness in order to optimize budget distribution among different diseases. We aimed to present the Health Technologies Assessment (HTA) for conducting economic evaluation research on cancer treatment through conducting a narrative literature review. HTA has implications for the selection of technologies to be financed, the identification of conditions or subgroups in which technologies should be used, and the promotion of efficiency and quality in a healthcare system. In HTA, analytical techniques including cost minimization, cost-benefit, cost-utility, and cost-effectiveness analysis are utilised. The cost-effectiveness analysis is important to evaluate the best treatment on different healthcare contexts. We conclude that health professionals and policy makers should include the resulting information from HTA in oncology guidelines to ensure that costeffectiveness ratios will be taken into account in treatment choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]